Computer Networking A Top-Down Approach SEVENTH EDITION
6.4.2 Ethernet
Let’s conclude our discussion of Ethernet technology by posing a question that may have begun troubling you. In the days of bus topologies and hub-based star topologies, Ethernet was clearly a broadcast link (as defined in Section 6.3) in which frame collisions occurred when nodes transmitted at the same time. To deal with these collisions, the Ethernet standard included the CSMA/CD protocol, which is particularly effective for a wired broadcast LAN spanning a small geographical region. But if the prevalent use of Ethernet today is a switch-based star topology, using store-and-forward packet switching, is there really a need anymore for an Ethernet MAC protocol? As we’ll see shortly, a switch coordinates its transmissions and never forwards more than one frame onto the same interface at any time. Furthermore, modern switches are full-duplex, so that a switch and a node can each send frames to each other at the same time without interference. In other words, in a switch-based Ethernet LAN there are no collisions and, therefore, there is no need for a MAC protocol!
23. Physical Coding Sublayer (PCS), Physical Medium Attachment (PMA) sublayer and baseband medium, type 100BASE-T423.1.2 Objectives
The following are the objectives of 100BASE-T4:
To support the CSMA/CD MAC in the half duplex mode of operation.
To support the 100BASE-T MII, Repeater, and optional Auto-Negotiation.
To provide 100 Mb/s data rate at the MII.
To provide for operating over twisted pairs of Category 3, 4, or 5 cable, installed as horizontal runs in accordance with ISO/IEC 11801: 1995, as specified in 23.6, at distances up to 100 m (328 ft).
To allow for a nominal network extent of 200 m, including:
1) Unshielded twisted-pair links of 100 m.
2) Two-repeater networks of approximately a 200 m span.
To provide a communication channel with a mean ternary symbol error ratio, at the PMA service interface, of less than one part in \(10^8\).
1000BASE0T
IEEE Std 802.3-2018, IEEE Standard for Ethernet
40. Physical Coding Sublayer (PCS), Physical Medium Attachment (PMA) sublayer and baseband medium, type 1000BASE-T40.1.1 Objectives
The following are the objectives of 1000BASE-T:
Support the CSMA/CD MAC
Comply with the specifications for the GMII (Clause 35)
Support the 1000 Mb/s repeater (Clause 41)
Provide line transmission that supports full and half duplex operation
Meet or exceed FCC Class A/CISPR or better operation
Support operation over 100 meters of copper balanced cabling as defined in 40.7
定义帧时隙是为了共享通信线路从而提高其利用率,此机制是通过CSMA/CD(Carrier Sense Multiple Access/Collision Detection,带冲突检测的载波侦听多路访问)实现。在10Mbps以太网中,512Bits数据传输的时间是51.2us,5-4-3原则最大传输距离是2500m,而根据电磁波的传输角度来看,512Bits在10Mbps以太网最大可传输2800m。在100Mbps以太网中,512Bits的数据传输完需要5.12us,电磁波在这个时间可传输约200m。
在802.11无线网络中,因为隐蔽站问题(Hidden Station Problem)和暴露站问题(Exposed Station Problem),无法做到有效的冲突检测,取而代之采用的是CSMA/CA(Carrier Sense Multiple Access/Collision Avoidance,带冲突避免的载波侦听多路访问)。CSMA/CA实际上是一种半双工的通信方式,这让无线网络的通信效率大大降低。